Principles and types of public speaking
(Book)

pt. 1. Public speaking and the liberal arts -- 1. The academic study of public speaking -- Studying public speaking in higher education -- The need for speech training -- Ways to learn more about public speaking -- The functions of public speaking in society -- Orality in social-political life -- Public speaking and decision making in a multicultural society -- Achieving personal and collective goals through public talk -- The centrality of ethics in public communication -- Ethos in the Western world -- The moral bases of public decision making -- How to : enhance your credibility as a speaker -- Skills and competencies needed for successful speechmaking -- Integrity -- Knowledge -- Rhetorical sensitivity -- Oral skills -- Self-confidence -- Public speaking as a liberal art -- How to : manage your fear of public speaking -- Freeing yourself -- Making a free society work -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References -- 2. Getting started : basic tips for speech preparation and delivery -- Selecting the subject -- Narrowing the subject -- How to : narrow a topic : an illustration -- Determining the purposes -- General purpose -- Specific purposes -- Central idea or claim -- Creating the title -- Strategic considerations -- Analyzing the audience and occasion -- Gathering the speech materials -- Outlining the speech -- Practicing aloud -- Ethical moments : ethics and public speaking -- Delivering your speech confidently -- Selecting the method of presentation -- Communicating self-confidence -- Learning to evaluate speeches -- Assessing a sample speech : "Clearing the air about cigars," by Dena Craig -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References --

3. Setting the scene for community in a diverse culture : public speaking and critical listening -- Basic elements of the speechmaking process : a model overview -- The speaker -- The message -- The listener -- Feedback -- The channels -- The situation -- Communication research dateline : listening and your career : working across the generational gap -- The cultural context -- Critical listening : theory and practice -- Knowing purposes : an orientation to listening behaviors -- Critical listening for comprehension and judgment -- The ethical listener -- How to : be an active and ethical listener -- Taking good notes -- Special needs for critical listening in the classroom -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References -- 4. Public speaking and cultural life -- Understanding cultural processes -- Orality and cultural life -- The dimensions of culture -- The challenge of speaking in a multicultural society -- Strategies for unifying multicultural audiences -- Recognizing diversity -- Negotiating multicultural values -- Accepting multiple paths to goals -- Communication research dateline : rhetorical framing -- Working through the lifestyle choices of others -- Maintaining self-identity in the face of difference -- Ethical moments : adapting to moral codes -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References --

pt. 2. Preparation -- 5. Analyzing the audience and occasion -- Analyzing audiences demographically -- Analyzing demographic categories -- Using demographic information -- Analyzing audiences psychologically -- Beliefs -- Attitudes -- Values -- Desires, visions, and fantasies -- Using a psychological profile -- Analyzing the speech occasion -- Using audience analysis in speech preparation -- How to : analyze the speech occasion -- Audience targeting : setting realistic goals -- Audience segmentation : selecting dominant ideas and appeals -- Creating a unifying vision or fantasy -- Ethical moments : analyzing audience and occasion in moments of controversy -- Sample audience analysis -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References -- 6. Developing ideas : finding and using supporting materials -- What to look for : forms of supporting materials -- Explanations -- Comparisons and contrasts -- Examples and narratives -- Statistics -- Testimony -- Ethical moments : the numbers game -- Where to look : sources of supporting materials -- The electronic world -- The print world -- The fact-to-face world -- Surveys and questionnaires -- Recording information in usable forms -- Using source materials ethically -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References --

7. Structuring the speech : language devices, internal organization patterns, and the motivated sequence -- Micro-structures : using language to organize ideas -- Meso-structures : patterns of internal organization -- Chronological patterns -- Spatial patterns -- Causal patterns -- Topical patterns -- Macro-structure : the five basic steps of the motivated sequence -- How to : choose from among meso-structures -- The attention step -- The need step -- The satisfaction step -- The visualization step -- The action step -- Using the motivated sequence to frame a speech -- Framing the speech to inform -- Framing the speech to persuade -- Framing the speech to actuate -- Framing the speech to entertain -- Assessing a sample speech : "Drug testing : outcome, death," by Justin D. Neal -- Integrating meso-structures into the motivated sequence -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References --

8. Maintaining audience attention and involvement -- Capturing and holding attention in American culture -- Activity -- Reality -- Proximity -- Familiarity -- Novelty -- Suspense -- Conflict -- Humor -- The vital -- Visualization -- Framing the speech : rhetorical orientation -- How to : get your audience's attention -- Types of speech introduction -- Referring to the subject or occasion -- Using a personal reference or greeting -- Asking a question -- Making a startling statement -- Using a quotation -- Telling a humorous story -- Using an illustration -- Building a speech forecast -- Types of speech conclusions -- Issuing a challenge -- Summarizing the major points of ideas -- Using a quotation -- Using an illustration -- Suppling an additional inducement to belief or action -- Stating a personal intention -- Selecting introductions and conclusions -- Sample outline for an introduction and a conclusion -- How to : frame a speech -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References -- 9. Developing the speech outline -- Requirements of good outline form -- Communication research dateline : perceptual grouping : the organization of subordinate points -- Developing the speech : stages in the outlining process -- Developing a rough outline -- Developing a technical plot outline -- Developing a speaking outline -- Using PowerPoint to integrate verbal and visual outlines -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References --

pt. 3. Channels -- 10. Using language to communicate -- Using language orally -- Using language competently -- Effective word choice -- Definitions -- Imagery -- Metaphors -- Using language ethically -- Ad hominem attack -- Linguistic erasure -- Critiquing domination -- Selecting an appropriate style -- Serious versus humorous atmosphere -- Ethical moments : doublespeak -- Speaker-, audience-, or content-centered emphasis -- Propositional versus narrative style -- Selecting language that communicates civility -- Gendered versus gender-neutral language -- How to : avoid offensive language -- The problem of uncivil and hateful speech -- The commitment to a multicultural vision of the audience -- Assessing a sample speech : "Coloring outside the lines : the limits of civility," by Raymie E. McKerrow -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References -- 11. Using visual aids in speeches -- The functions of visual aids -- Types of visual aids -- Physical objects -- Representations of objects and relationships -- Ethical moments : can pictures lie? -- Representing textual materials -- Acquiring visual aids -- How to : make the most of color selection for slides and other visuals -- Making your own -- Downloading visual aids from the Web -- Getting visual aids from research/others -- Strategies for selecting and using visual aids -- Consider the audience and occasion -- How to : select the right visual aids -- Consider the communicative potential of various visual aids -- Evaluate computer-generated visual materials -- How to : use visual aids effectively -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References -- 12. Using your voice and body to communicate -- Orality and human communication -- Aggregative -- Agonistic/invitational -- Ethically appropriate -- Public speaking as a social performance -- Using your voice to communicate -- Perceptions of the speaking voice -- How to : determine your delivery time -- Controlling the emotional quality -- Practicing vocal control -- Using your body to communicate -- Assessing different dimensions of nonverbal communication -- How to : improve our voice -- Adapting nonverbal behavior to your presentations -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References --

pt. 4. Types -- 13. Speeches to inform -- Facts, knowledge, and the information age -- Motivational appeals : engaging listeners where they are -- Classifying motives -- Motive clusters -- Using motivational appeals in speech preparation -- Ethical moments : your ethical boundaries -- Essential features of informative speeches -- Clarity -- How to : use psychological principles for clarity -- Associating new ideas with familiar ones -- Relevant visualizations -- Types of informative speeches -- Definitional speeches -- Instructional and demonstration speeches -- Oral briefings -- Explanatory speeches -- Assessing a sample speech : "The geisha," by Joyce Chapman -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References -- 14. Speeches to persuade and actuate -- Contemporary approaches to changing minds and behaviors -- VALS : adapting messages to listeners' psychological orientations -- How to : use VALS to craft a persuasive message for a diverse audience -- Communication research dateline : resistance to counterpersuasion -- PRIZM : adapting messages to listeners' behavioral patterns -- Reference groups : adapting messages to listeners' group loyalties -- Credibility : adapting messages to your own strengths -- Basic types of persuasive and actuative speeches -- Persuasion as psychological reorientation -- Persuasion as impetus to action -- Structuring persuasive and actuative speeches -- Ethical moments : using fear appeals -- Using the motivated sequence for psychological reorientation -- Using the motivated sequence for behavioral actuation -- Assessing sample speeches : "Speech for impeachment," by Rep. J.C. Watts, and "Speech against impeachment," by Rep. Richard Gephardt -- Chapter summary -- Key terms -- Assessment activities -- References --

15. Argument and critical thinking

Argument and cultural commitments

Commitment to change you mind

Commitment to knowledge

Commitment to worthy subjects

Commitment to rules

Argument as justifying belief and action

Types of claims

Evidence

Ethical moments : the use of evidence

Forms of reasoning (inference)

Testing the adequacy of forms of reasoning

Detecting fallacies in reasoning

How to : test arguments

A model for organizing and evaluating arguments

Assessing a sample speech : "Mending the body by leading an ear : the healing power of listening," by Carol Koehler

How to : develop argumentative speeches

Chapter summary

Key terms

Assessment activities

References

16. Building social cohesion in a diverse world : speeches on ceremonial and corporate occasions

Ceremony and ritual in a diverse culture

Social definitions of diversity

Public address as community building

Building community on corporate occasions

Speeches of tribute

Farewells

Ethical moments : a counterexample : challenging the community's values

Dedications

Memorial services

Style and content in speeches of tribute

Speeches to create goodwill

How to : organize speeches of tribute

Style and content in goodwill speeches

How to : organize goodwill speeches

After-dinner talks : entertaining with a purpose

Style and content in speeches to entertain

How to : organize speeches to entertain

Keynote speeches

Panel discussions at meetings

How to : organize speeches of introduction

Preparing for panel participation

Assessing a sample speech : "In pursuit of the tiger : traditions and transitions," by Susan Au Allen

Chapter summary

Key terms

Assessment activities

References.