Encyclopedia of African-American culture and history: the Black experience in the Americas

v. 1. A-B

v. 2. C-F

v. 3. G-L

v. 4. M-P

v. 5. Q-Z

v. 6. Appendix, Index.

v. 1. A-B

Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Foreword

Introduction

Africa: An Introduction

List of Articles

Directory of Contributors

Aaron, Hank

Abakuá

Abbott, Robert Sengstacke

Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem

Abernathy, Ralph David

Abolition

Abyssinian Baptist Church

Adams, Grantley

Affirmative Action

African Blood Brotherhood

African Burial Ground Project

African Civilization Society (AfCS)

African Diaspora

African Free School

Africanisms

African Methodist Episcopal Church

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church

African Orthodox Church

African Union Methodism

Afrocentrism

Afrocubanismo

AIDS in the Americas

Ailey, Alvin

Al-Amin, Jamil Abdullah

Albizu Campos, Pedro

Aldridge, Ira

Alexander, Clifford L., Jr.

Alexander, Raymond Pace

Alexander, Sadie Tanner Mossell

Ali, Muhammad

Allan, Harold

Allen, Debbie

Allen, Macon Bolling

Allen, Richard

Alleyne, George

Almeida Bosque, Juan

Amelioration

American Moral Reform Society

American Negro Academy (ANA)

American Negro Theatre

American Tennis Association

Amistad Mutiny

Anastácia

Anderson, Marian

Angelou, Maya

Anglo-African, The

Antebellum Convention Movement

Anthropology and Anthropologists

Anti-Apartheid Movement

Anti-Colonial Movements

Anti-Haitianism

Apollo Theater

Aponte, José Antonio

Archaeology and Archaeologists

Architecture

Architecture: Overview

Vernacular Architecture

Archival Collections

Aristide, Jean-Bertrand

Armstrong, Louis

Art

Art in Haiti

Art in the Anglophone Caribbean

Art in the United States, Contemporary

Art Collections

Ashe, Arthur

Associated Publishers

Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians

Association for the Study of African American Life and History

Astronauts

Atlanta Compromise

Atlanta Riot of 1906

Attaway, William

Attucks, Crispus

Augier, Roy

Autobiography, U.S.

Bagnall, Robert

Bahá'í Communities in the Caribbean

Bailey, Amy

Bailey, Beryl Loftman

Bailey, Pearl

Baker, Ella J.

Baker, Josephine

Baldwin, James

Ballet

Baltimore Afro-American

Bambara, Toni Cade

Bandera, Quintín

Banneker, Benjamin

Bannister, Edward Mitchell

Baptists

Baraka, Amiri (Jones, LeRoi)

Barbadoes, James G.

Barbados Labour Party

Barbosa Gomes, Joaquim Benedito

Barnett, Marguerite Ross

Barrow, Errol

Barrow, Nita

Barry, Marion

Barthé, Richmond

Baseball

Basie, William James "Count"

Basketball

Basquiat, Jean-Michel

Bates, Daisy

Battle, Kathleen

Bearden, Romare

Bedward, Alexander

Belafonte, Harry

Belmanna Riots

Benn, Brindley

Bennett, Louise

Berry, Chuck

Berry, Halle

Bethune, Mary McLeod

Bethune-Cookman College

Bevel, James

Bibb, Henry Walton

Biggart, James

Biography, U.S.

Bird, V. C.

Bishop, Maurice

Black Academy of Arts and Letters

Black Arts Movement

Blackburn, Robert

Black Caribs

Black Codes

Black Dandy, The

Black Entertainment Television (BET)

Black History Month/Negro History Week

Black-Indian Relations

Black Manifesto

Black Middle Class

Black Panther Party for Self-Defense

Black Power Movement

Black Press in Brazil

Black Studies

Black Towns

Blackwell, Unita

Black Women's Club Movement

Black World/Negro Digest

Blaize, Herbert

Blake, Eubie

Blake, Vivian

Blakey, Art (Buhaina, Abdullah Ibn)

Blaxploitation Films

Blues, The

The Blues

The Blues in African-American Culture

Blueswomen of the 1920S and 1930S

Blyden, Edward Wilmot

Bogle, Paul

Bond, Horace Mann

Bond, Julian

Bonds, Margaret

Bontemps, Arna

Boxing

Bradley, David

Bradley, Tom

Bradshaw, Robert

Braithwaite, William Stanley

Brathwaite, Edward Kamau

Brawley, Benjamin Griffith

Brawley, Edward McKnight

Breakdancing

Briggs, Cyril

Brimmer, Andrew Felton

Broadside Press

Brodber, Erna

Brooke, Edward W.

Brooks, Gwendolyn

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Brown, Andrew Benjamin

Brown, Charlotte Hawkins

Brown, Claude

Brown, Henry "Box"

Brown, James

Brown, Ronald H.

Brown, Roscoe, Jr.

Brown, Sterling Allen

Brown, William Wells

Brown, Willie

Brown Fellowship Society

Brownsville, Texas, Incident

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Bruce, Blanche Kelso

Bruce, John Edward

Bubbles, John

Bullins, Ed

Bunche, Ralph

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

Burke, Lilly Mae

Burke, Rudolph Augustus

Burke, Yvonne Brathwaite

Burleigh, Harry T.

Burnett, Charles

Burnham, Forbes

Burns, Anthony

Burroughs, Margaret Taylor

Burroughs, Nannie Helen

Bustamante, Alexander

Butler, Octavia

Butler, Uriah

Butts, Calvin.

v. 2. C-F

Caesar, Shirley

Cain, Richard Harvey

Calloway, Cab

Calloway, Nathaniel

Calypso

Cambridge, Godfrey MacArthur

Campbell, Clifford Clarence

Canada, Blacks in

Canadian Writers

Canadian Writers in English

Canadian Writers in French

Candomblé

Capoeira

Cardozo, Francis L.

Carew, Jan

Carey, Lott

Caribbean Commission

Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)

Caribbean/North American Writers (Contemporary)

Caribbean Theater, Anglophone

Carmichael, Stokely

Carneiro, Edison

Carney, William H.

Carnival in Brazil and the Caribbean

Carroll, Diahann

Carter, John

Carter, Martin

Carver, George Washington

Cary, Mary Ann Shadd

Catholicism in the Americas

Catlett, Elizabeth

Cayton, Horace

Celia

Cemeteries and Burials

Central African Religions and Culture in the Americas

Césaire, Aimé

Chaguaramas

Chamberlain, Wilt

Chambers, George

Chamoiseau, Patrick

Chaney, James Earl

Charles, Eugenia

Charles, Ezzard

Charles, Ray (Robinson, Ray Charles)

Chase, Ashton

Chavis, Benjamin Franklin, Jr.

Chesnutt, Charles W.

Chica da Silva

Chicago Defender

Children's Literature

Childress, Alice

Chisholm, Shirley

Christiana Revolt of 1851

Christian Denominations, Independent

Christianity in Film

Christian Methodist Episcopal Church

Christian Recorder

Christophe, Henri

Civil Rights Congress

Civil Rights Movement, U.S.

Civil War, U.S.

Clark, Kenneth Bancroft

Clark, Septima

Clarke, Austin

Clarke, John Henrik

Clarke, Lewis G.

Clay, William Lacy

Cleage, Albert B., Jr.

Cleaver, Eldridge

Cleveland, James

Club Atenas

Coartación

Cobb, W. Montague

Cochran, Johnnie L., Jr.

Coker, Daniel

Cole, Nat "King"

Coleman, Bessie

Coleman, Ornette

Collins, Cardiss

Colón Man

Colored Farmers Alliance

Coltrane, John

Combs, Sean

Comedians

Comic Books

Comic Strips

Communist Party of the United States

Community Radio

Condé, Maryse

Cone, James H.

Congos of Panama

Congressional Black Caucus

Congress of National Black Churches, Inc.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Constantine, Learie

Conyers, John

Cooke, Howard

Cook, Mercer

Cooper, Anna J.

Coppin, Fanny Jackson

Coppin, Levi Jenkins

Cornish, Samuel E.

Cortez, Jayne

Cosby, Bill

Cotton Club

Council on African Affairs

Cox, Oliver Cromwell

Craft, Ellen and William

Creole Languages of the Americas

Criminal Justice System

Crisis, The

Critchlow, Hubert Nathaniel

Critical Mixed-Race Studies

Critical Race Theory

Crockett, George William, Jr.

Crouch, Stanley

Crummell, Alexander

Cruse, Harold

Cuffe, Paul

Cullen, Countee

Dalton-James, Edith

Dance, Diasporic

Dancehall

Dance Theater of Harlem

Dandridge, Dorothy

Danticat, Edwidge

Dash, Julie

Da Silva, Benedita

Das Neves, Eduardo

Davis, Allison

Davis, Angela

Davis, Benjamin O., Jr.

Davis, Miles

Davis, Ossie

Davis, Sammy, Jr.

DeCarava, Roy

Declaration of Independence

Dee, Ruby

De Jesus, Carolina Maria

Delaney, Joseph

Delany, Martin R.

Delany, Samuel R.

Dellums, Ron

Demerara Revolt

Demography

Denbow, Claude H. A.

De Passe, Suzanne

DePriest, Oscar Stanton

Dessalines, Jean-Jacques

Dialect Poetry

Diasporic Cultures in the Americas

Dickson, Moses

Diddley, Bo (McDaniel, Otha Elias)

Diggs, Charles, Jr.

Digital Culture

Dillard University

Dinkins, David

Divination and Spirit Possession in the Americas

Dixon, Melvin

Documentary Film

Dodson, Owen

Domestic Workers

Domingo, W. A.

Dom Obá II D'África

Dorsey, Thomas A.

Dos Prazeres, Heitor

Douglas, Aaron

Douglass, Frederick

Dove, Rita

Dove, Ulysses

Dozens, The

Drake, St. Clair

Drama

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Dreke, Víctor

Drew, Charles Richard

Du Bois, Shirley Graham

Du Bois, W. E. B.

Dub Poetry

Dunbar, Paul Laurence

Dunbar-Nelson, Alice

Dunham, Katherine

Durham Manifesto

Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Pointe

Duvalier, François

Easton, Hosea

Ebony

Eckstine, Billy

Economic Condition, U.S.

Edelman, Marian Wright

Education

Education in the Caribbean

Education in the United States

Educational Psychology and Psychologists

Egipcíaca, Rosa

Elders, Joycelyn

Ellington, Edward Kennedy "Duke"

Ellison, Ralph

Emancipation

Emancipation in Latin America and the Caribbean

Emancipation in the United States

English, African-American

Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship

Environmental Racism

Episcopalians

Equiano, Olaudah

Estimé, Dumarsais

Ethnic Origins

Europe, James Reese

Evers, Charles

Evers, Medgar

Experimental Theater

Fanon, Frantz

Fard, Wallace D.

Farmer, James

Farm Worker Program

Farrakhan, Louis

Father Divine

Fauset, Jessie Redmon

February Revolt

Federal Writers' Project

Feelings, Thomas

Feminist Theory and Criticism

Festivals, U.S.

Fifteenth Amendment

Film

Film in Latin America and the Caribbean

Film in the United States

Contemporary Film in the United States

Filmmakers, Los Angeles School of

Filmmakers in the Caribbean

Fisher, Rudolph

Fisk Jubilee Singers

Fisk University

Fitzgerald, Ella

Flake, Floyd H.

Flipper, Henry O.

Folk Arts and Crafts

Folklore

Folklore: Overview

Folklore: Latin American and Caribbean Culture Heroes and Characters

Folklore: U.S. Folk Heroes and Characters

Folk Medicine

Folk Music

Folk Religion

Food and Cuisine

Latin American and Caribbean Food and Cuisine

U.S. Food and Cuisine

Football

Ford, James W.

Foreman, George

Forten, James

Fortune, T. Thomas

Fourteenth Amendment

Foxx, Redd

Francisco, Slinger "The Mighty Sparrow"

François, Elma

Franklin, Aretha

Franklin, C. L.

Franklin, John Hope

Franks, Gary

Fraternal Orders

Fraternities, U.S.

Frazier, Edward Franklin

Frazier, Joe

Frederick Douglass' Paper

Free Blacks, 1619-1860

Freedman's Bank

Freedmen's Hospital

Freedom Rides

Freedom's Journal

Freedom Summer

Freeman, Elizabeth (Mum Bett, Mumbet)

Freeman, Morgan

Free Villages

Frente Negra Brasileira

Fuller, Charles

Fuller, Meta Vaux Warrick.

v. 3. G-L

Gabriel Prosser Conspiracy

Gaines, Ernest J.

Gairy, Eric

Gama, Luiz

Gardens and Yard Art

Garnet, Henry Highland

Garrido, Juan

Garvey, Amy Ashwood

Garvey, Amy Jacques

Garvey, Marcus

Gary Convention

Gaskin, Winifred

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr.

Gaye, Marvin (Gay, Marvin Pentz)

Gay Men

George, David

Gibson, Althea

Gibson, Josh

Gillespie, Dizzy

Giovanni, Nikki

Glasspole, Florizel

Glissant, Edouard

Glover, Danny

Glover, Savion

Goldberg, Whoopi

Gomes, Peter John

Gómez, Juan Gualberto

Gordon, George William

Gordy, Berry

Gospel Music

Gossett, Louis, Jr.

Goveia, Elsa V.

Grace, Sweet Daddy

Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose

Grajales Cuello, Mariana

Grandfather Clause

Grandmaster Flash (Saddler, Joseph)

Gravenberch, Adolf Frederik

Gray, William H., III

Great Depression and the New Deal

Green, Al

Gregory, Dick

Griggs, Sutton Elbert

Grimké, Angelina Weld

Grimké, Archibald Henry

Grimké, Charlotte L. Forten

Grimké, Francis James

Guardian, The

Guillén, Nicolás

Gullah

Hair and Beauty Culture

Hair and Beauty Culture in Brazil

Hair and Beauty Culture in the United States

Haitian Creole Language

Haitian Revolution

Haitian Revolution: Overview

American Reaction to the Haitian Revolution

Haley, Alex

Hall, Prince

Hamer, Fannie Lou (Townsend, Fannie Lou)

Hamilton, William

Hammon, Briton

Hammon, Jupiter

Hammons, David

Hampton, Lionel Leo

Hampton Institute

Hancock, Gordon Blaine

Hancock, Herbie

Hansberry, Lorraine

Harlem, New York

Harlem Globetrotters

Harlem Renaissance

Harlem Writers Guild

Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins

Harris, Abram Lincoln, Jr.

Harris, Barbara Clementine

Harris, Patricia Roberts

Harris, Wilson

Harrison, Hubert Henry

Hart Sisters of Antigua

Hastie, William Henry

Hatcher, Richard Gordon

Hayes, Isaac

Haywood, Harry

Headley, George

Healing and the Arts in Afro-Caribbean Cultures

Hearne, John (Caulwell, Edgar)

Hector, Tim

Height, Dorothy

Hemphill, Essex

Hendrix, Jimi

Henson, Josiah

Henson, Matthew A.

Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr.

Highlander Citizenship School

Hill, Errol

Hill, Ken

Hilliard, Earl Frederick

Hill-Thomas Hearings

Himes, Chester

Hines, Gregory

Hip-Hop

Historians and Historiography, African American

Holder, Geoffrey

Holiday, Billie

Holiness Movement

Holland, Jerome Heartwell

Holly, James T.

Hood, James Walker

Hooker, John Lee

Hooks, Benjamin L.

Hope, John

Hope, Lugenia Burns

Hopkins, Pauline Elizabeth

Horne, Lena

Horton, George Moses

Hospitals in the United States, Black

Houston, Charles Hamilton

Houston, Whitney

Howard University

Hoyte, Desmond

Hudson, Hosea

Hughes, Langston

Huie, Albert

Huiswoud, Otto

Hunter-Gault, Charlayne

Hunton, William Alphaeus, Jr.

Hurston, Zora Neale

Hutson, Jean Blackwell

Identity and Race in the United States

Innis, Roy

Institute of the Black World

Insurance Companies

Intellectual Life

International Relations of the Anglophone Caribbean

Inventors and Inventions

Islam

Islam in North America

Islam in the Caribbean

Jack and Jill of America

Jackson, George Lester

Jackson, Janet

Jackson, Jesse

Jackson, Jimmy Lee

Jackson, Joseph Harrison

Jackson, Lillie Mae Carroll

Jackson, Luther Porter

Jackson, Mahalia

Jackson, Maynard Holbrook, Jr.

Jackson, Michael

Jackson Family

Jacobs, Harriet Ann

Jamaica Labour Party

Jamaica Progressive League

James, A. P. T.

James, C. L. R.

James, Daniel "Chappie"

James, Etta

Jamison, Judith

Jazz

Jazz: Overview

Jazz in African-American Culture

Jazz Singers

Jeffers, Audrey

Jefferson, Blind Lemon

Jesús, Úrsula de

Jet

Jim Crow

John Henry

Johnson, Charles Richard

Johnson, Charles Spurgeon

Johnson, Earvin "Magic"

Johnson, Jack

Johnson, James Weldon

Johnson, Joshua

Johnson, Mordecai Wyatt

Johnson, Noble and George

Jones, Absalom

Jones, Claudia

Jones, Gayl

Jones, James Earl

Jones, Philip Mallory

Jones, Quincy

Jongo

Joplin, Scott

Jordan, Barbara

Jordan, June

Jordan, Michael

Jordan, Vernon E., Jr.

Jordon, Edward

Joshua, Ebenezer

Journalism

Journal of African American History, The

Judaism

Just, Ernest

Karenga, Maulana

Kawaida

Keckley, Elizabeth

Keith, Damon Jerome

Kennedy, Adrienne

Kennedy, Imogene Queenie

Kerner Report

Killens, John Oliver

Kincaid, Jamaica

King, "B. B."

King, Coretta Scott

King, Don

King, Iris

King, Martin Luther, Jr.

Life

Legacy

King, Sydney (Kwayana, Eusi)

Kitt, Eartha Mae

Knight, Gladys

Kumina

Kwanza

LaBelle, Patti (Holt, Patricia Louise)

Labor and Labor Unions

Labov, William

Lafayette Players

Lam, Wifredo

Lamming, George

Lampkin, Daisy

Langston, John Mercer

Larsen, Nella

Last Poets

Latimer, Lewis Howard

Laveau, Marie

Law and Liberty in England and America

Lawrence, Jacob

Lawrence, Margaret

Leadbelly (Ledbetter, Hudson William)

League of Revolutionary Black Workers

Lee, Spike

Leon, Rose

Leonard, Sugar Ray

Lesbians

Lester, Julius

Lewis, Arthur

Lewis, Edmonia

Lewis, John

Liberation Theology

Liberator, The

Liele, George

Lighbourne, Robert

Ligon, Glenn

Lincoln, Abbey

Lincoln Theatre

Lincoln University

Lisboa, Antônio Francisco

Literacy Education

Literary Criticism, U.S.

Literary Criticism, U.S.: Overview

Literary Criticism, U.S.: Scholarship in the Twenty-First Century

Literary Magazines

Literature

Literature of French Guiana

Literature of Haiti

Literature of Martinique and Guadeloupe

Literature of Suriname

Literature of the English-Speaking Caribbean

Literature of the Netherlands Antilles

Literature of the United States

Little Richard (Penniman, Richard)

L. L. Cool J (Smith, James Todd)

Locke, Alain Leroy

Logan, Rayford W.

Longbridge-Bustamante, Gladys

Lorde, Audre

Louis, Joe

Lovelace, Earl

Lowery, Joseph E.

Lowndes County Freedom Organization

Lucy Foster, Autherine

Luperón, Gregorio

Lynch, John Roy

Lynching.

v. 4. M-P

Mabley, Jackie "Moms"

Maceo, Antonio

Machado de Assis, Joaquim Maria

Mackey, William Wellington

Madame Satã (Dos Santos, João Francisco)

Madhubuti, Haki R. (Lee, Don L.)

Mais, Roger

Makandal, François

Malcolm X

Malê Rebellion

Manley, Edna

Manley, Michael

Manley, Norman

Manning, Patrick

Manumission Societies

Manzano, Juan Francisco

Marley, Bob

Maroon Arts

Maroon Societies in the Caribbean

Marrant, John

Marsalis, Wynton

Marshall, Kerry James

Marshall, Paule

Marshall, Thurgood

Marson, Una

Martin, John Sella

Masculinity

Mathematicians

Mathis, Johnny (Mathias, John Royce)

Mayfield, Julian

Mayors

Mays, Benjamin E.

Mays, Willie

McBurnie, Beryl

McDaniel, Hattie

McHenry, Donald F.

McIntosh, George

McKay, Claude

McKinney, Cynthia Ann

McKissick, Floyd B.

McMillan, Terry

McRae, Carmen

Media and Identity in the Caribbean

Medical Associations

Meek, Carrie

Meredith, James H.

Messenger, The

Metcalfe, Ralph

Mfume, Kweisi

Michaux, Elder

Micheaux, Oscar

Midwifery

Migration

Migration in the African Diaspora

U.S. Migration/Population

Military Experience, African-American

Million Man March

Mingus, Charles

Minstrels/Minstrelsy

Missionary Movements

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Mitchell, Arthur

Mitchell, Arthur Wergs

Mitchell, Clarence, Jr.

Mitchell, Parren J.

Modern Jazz Quartet

Moncada, Guillermo

Monk, Thelonious Sphere

Montejo, Esteban

Montgomery, Ala., Bus Boycott

Montgomery Improvement Association

Moody, Anne

Moody, Harold Arundel

Moore, Archie

Moore, Audley "Queen Mother"

Moore, Richard Benjamin

Morant Bay Rebellion

Moravian Church

Morehouse College

Morejón, Nancy

Morris Knibb, Mary

Morrison, Toni

Mortality and Morbidity

Mortality and Morbidity in Latin America and the Caribbean

Mortality and Morbidity in the United States

Moseley-Braun, Carol

Moses, Robert Parris

Motley, Archibald John, Jr.

Motley, Constance Baker

Moton, Robert Russa

Mound Bayou, Mississippi

Movimento Negro Unificado

Moyne Commission

Muddy Waters (Morganfield, McKinley)

Muhammad, Elijah

Mulzac, Hugh

Muralists

Murphy, Eddie

Murray, Pauli

Museums

Music

Music in Latin America

Music in the United States

Music, Religion, and Perceptions of Crime in Early Twentieth-Century Rio de Janeiro

Musical Instruments

Musical Theater

Music Collections, Black

Muslims in the Americas

Mutual Aid Societies

Myal

Myers, Isaac

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund

Nabrit, James Madison

Names and Naming, African

Names Controversy

Nanny of the Maroons

Nascimento, Abdias Do

Nash, Diane

Nash, William Beverly

National Afro-American League/Afro-American Council

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

National Association of Colored Women

National Association of Negro Musicians

National Bankers Association

National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., Inc.

National Black Evangelical Association

National Council of Negro Women

National Federation of Afro-American Women

National Hospital Association

Nationalism in the United States in the Nineteenth Century

National League for the Protection of Colored Women

National Negro Congress

National Negro Labor Council

National Urban League

National Welfare Rights Organization

Nation of Islam

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Natural Resources of the Caribbean

Naylor, Gloria

Neal, Larry

Négritude

Negro American Labor Council

Negro Elections Day

Negro National Anthem

Negro Sanhedrin

Negros Brujos

Negro String Quartet

Negro World

Nell, William Cooper

Nethersole, Noel Newton

Nettleford, Rex

New Jewel Movement

New Media and Digital Culture

New Negro

Newton, Huey P.

Newton, James

Niagara Movement

Nixon, Edgar Daniel

Noble Drew Ali

Norman, Jessye

North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company

Northrup, Solomon

North Star

Norton, Eleanor Holmes

Numbers Games

Nursing

Nursing in the Caribbean

Nursing in the United States

OBAC Writers' Workshop

Obeah

Oblate Sisters of Providence

Odetta (Gordon, Odetta Holmes Felious)

Ogbu, John

O'Leary, Hazel Rollins

Olympians

Opera

Operation PUSH (People United to Serve Humanity)

Opportunity: Journal of Negro Life

Orisha

Owen, Chandler

Owens, Jesse

Padmore, George

Paige, Satchel

Painter, Nell Irvin

Painting and Sculpture

Palcy, Euzhan

Palenque San Basilio

Palmares

Pan-Africanism

Pan-African Orthodox Church (The Shrine of the Black Madonna)

Panama Canal

Parker, Charlie

Parks, Gordon

Parks, Rosa

Parks, Suzan-Lori

Parsons, Lucy

Partido Independiente de Color

Passing

Patents and Inventions

Patterson, Floyd

Patterson, Percival James "P. J."

Patterson, William

Payne, Daniel Alexander

Peck, Raoul

Pelé (Edson Arantes Do Nascimento)

Pennington, James W. C.

Pentecostalism

Pentecostalism in Latin America and the Caribbean

Pentecostalism in North America

People's National Congress

Peoples National Movement

People's National Party

Performance Art

Philanthropy and Foundations

Phillips, Caryl

Phillips-Gay, Jane

Photography

Diasporic Photography

Photography, U.S.

Phylon

Pinchback, P. B. S.

Pindling, Lynden Oscar

Piper, Adrian

Pittsburgh Courier

Plessy v. Ferguson

Poetry, U.S.

Poitier, Sidney

Political Ideologies

Politics

Politics and Politicians in Latin America

Politics in the United States

Women and Politics in Latin America and the Caribbean

Poor, Salem

Poor People's Campaign

Popular Culture

Port Royal Experiment

Powell, Colin

Powers, Harriet

Presbyterians

Price, George

Price, Mary Violet Leontyne

Pride, Charley Frank

Primitive Baptists

Prince, Lucy Terry

Prince, Mary

Prince (Nelson, Prince Rogers)

Printmaking

Proctor, Henry Hugh

Professional Organizations

Protestantism in the Americas

Pryor, Richard

Purvis, Robert

Puryear, Martin.

v. 5. Q-Z

Quarles, Benjamin

Queen Latifah (Owens, Dana Elaine)

Querino, Manuel

Race, Scientific Theories of

Race and Education in Brazil

Race and Science

Racial Democracy in Brazil

Radio

Ragtime

Rainbow/PUSH Coalition

Raines, Franklin D.

Rainey, Ma

Randolph, Asa Philip

Rangel, Charles Bernard

Rap

Rapier, James Thomas

Rastafarianism

Rebouças, André

Rebouças, Antônio Pereira

Recording Industry

Redding, Jay Saunders

Redding, Otis

Red Summer

Reed, Ishmael

Reggae

Reggae Aesthetics

Religion

Remond, Charles Lenox

Remond, Sarah Parker

Renaissance Big Five (Harlem Rens)

Reparations

Representations of Blackness

Representations of Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean

Representations of Blackness in the United States

Republic of New Africa

Revels, Hiram Rhoades

Revivalism

Revolta da Chibata

Revolutionary Action Movement

Rhythm and Blues

Rice, Condoleezza

Rier, Carl P.

Riggs, Marlon

Ringgold, Faith

Riots and Popular Protests

Risquet, Jorge

Roach, Max

Robeson, Eslanda

Robeson, Paul

Robinson, A. N. R.

Robinson, Bill "Bojangles"

Robinson, Jackie

Robinson, Jo Ann Gibson

Robinson, Sugar Ray

Rodney, Walter

Rolle, Esther

Romaine-la-Prophétesse

Roosevelt's Black Cabinet

Ross, Diana

Rowan, Carl T.

Rudolph, Wilma

Ruggles, David

Runaway Slaves

Runaway Slaves in Latin America and the Caribbean

Runaway Slaves in the United States

Run-D.M.C.

Russwurm, John Brown

Rustin, Bayard

Saar, Alison

Saar, Betye Irene

Salem, Peter

Samba

Sanchez, Sonia

Sangster, Donald

San Lorenzo de los Negros

San Martín de Porras

Santería

Santería Aesthetics

Santos-Febres, Mayra

Savage, Augusta

Savoy Ballroom

Scholes, Theophilus

Schomburg, Arthur

Schuyler, George S.

Science

Scott, Emmett J.

Scott, Hazel

Scott, James Sylvester

Scott-Heron, Gil

Scottsboro Case

Seacole, Mary

Seale, Bobby

Shabazz, Betty

Shakur, Assata (Chesimard, Joanne Deborah Bryon)

Shange, Ntozake

Sharpe, Samuel

Sharpton, Al

Shearer, Hugh

Sherlock, Philip

Shuttlesworth, Fred L.

Sickle-Cell Disease

Simmons, Russell

Simmons, Ruth J.

Simone, Nina (Waymon, Eunice Kathleen)

Simpson, Lorna

Simpson, O. J.

Simpson Miller, Portia

Singleton, Benjamin "Pap"

Singleton, John

Sisters of the Holy Family

Skin Color

Slave Codes

Slave Narratives

Slave Narratives of the Caribbean and Latin America

Slave Religions

Slavery

Slavery and the Constitution

Slave Trade

Sleet, Moneta J., Jr.

Smalls, Robert

Smith, Anna Deavere

Smith, Barbara

Smith, Barbara ("B. Smith")

Smith, Bessie

Smith, James McCune

Smith, Mamie

Smith, Venture

Smith, Will

Sobers, Garfield

Soccer

Social Dance

Social Gospel

Social Psychology, Psychologists, and Race

Social Work

Sociology

Sociology: Overview

Scholarship in the Post-Civil Rights Era

Solomon, Patrick

Sororities, U.S.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Southwell, Paul

Spaulding, Charles Clinton

Spelman College

Spingarn Medal

Spiritual Church Movement

Spirituality

Spirituals

Sports

Stepin Fetchit (Perry, Lincoln)

Still, William

Still, William Grant

Stokes, Carl Burton

Stono Rebellion

Stout, Reneé

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Sullivan, Leon Howard

Sullivan, Louis

Sun Ra (Blount, Herman "Sonny")

Supremes, The

Sutton, Percy Ellis

Sweatt v. Painter

Tailor's Revolt

Tanner, Benjamin Tucker

Tanner, Henry Ossawa

Tap Dance

Taylor, Koko

Television

Temptations, The

Tennis

Terrell, Mary Eliza Church

Teshea, Isabel

Textiles, Diasporic

Tharpe, "Sister" Rosetta

Theatrical Dance

Theology, Black

Third World Women's Alliance

Thirteenth Amendment

Thomas, Clarence

Thurman, Howard

Thurman, Wallace

Tia Ciata

Till, Emmett

Tolson, Melvin B.

Toomer, Jean

Toussaint, Pierre

Toussaint-Louverture

TransAfrica Forum

Trindade, Solano

Tropical Diseases

Trotter, James Monroe

Trotter, William Monroe

Troupe, Quincy

Truth, Sojourner

Tubman, Harriet

Turner, Benjamin Sterling

Turner, Henry McNeal

Turner, Lorenzo Dow

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

Tuskegee University

Twilight, Alexander

Tyson, Cicely

Tyson, Mike

Underground Railroad

Union League of America

United Negro College Fund

United States Commission on Civil Rights

Universal Negro Improvement Association

University of the West Indies

Urban Cinema

Urban Poverty in the Caribbean

VanDerZee, James

Van Peebles, Melvin

Varick, James

Vaughan, Sarah

Voodoo

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Walcott, Derek Alton

Walcott, Frank

Walcott, Jersey Joe

Walker, Aida Overton

Walker, A'Lelia

Walker, Alice

Walker, David

Walker, George William

Walker, Kara

Walker, Madam C. J.

Walker, Margaret

Walker, Wyatt Tee

Walrond, Eric Derwent

Ward, Samuel Ringgold

Washington, Booker T.

Washington, Denzel

Washington, Harold

Washington, Margaret Murray

Waters, Ethel

Waters, Maxine Moore

Watts, J. C.

Weaver, Robert Clifton

Webb, Frank J.

Weems, Carrie Mae

Wells-Barnett, Ida B.

Wesley, Charles Harris

West, Cornel

West, Dorothy

Westerman, George

West Indies Democratic Labour Party

West Indies Federal Labour Party

West Indies Federation

Wheatley, Phillis

Whipper, William

White, Walter Francis

Whitehead, Colson

Wideman, John Edgar

Wilberforce University

Wilder, Lawrence Douglas

Wilkins, Roy

Williams, Bert

Williams, Billy Dee (December, William)

Williams, Eric

Williams, Fannie Barrier

Williams, Francis

Williams, George Washington

Williams, Henry Sylvester

Williams, Hosea Lorenzo

Williams, Mary Lou

Williams, Patricia Joyce

Williams, Peter, Jr.

Williams, Robert Franklin

Williams, Venus and Serena

Willis, Deborah

Wilson, August

Wilson, Flip

Wilson, Fred

Wilson, Harriet E. Adams

Wilson, William Julius

Winfrey, Oprah

Winti in Suriname

Woman's Era

Women's Magazines

Women Traders of the Caribbean

Women Writers of the Caribbean

Wonder, Stevie (Morris, Stevland)

Woodford Square

Woodruff, Hale

Woods, Tiger

Woodson, Carter G.

Work, Monroe Nathan

Wright, Richard

Wright, Theodore Sedgwick

Wynter, Sylvia

Yerby, Frank

Yergan, Max

Yoruba Religion and Culture in the Americas

Young, Andrew

Young, Coleman

Young, Whitney M., Jr.

Zydeco.

v. 6. Appendix, Index

Primary Source Documents

The Beginnings of the Portuguese-African Slave Trade in the Fifteenth Century, as Described by the Chronicler Gomes Eannes de Azurara (c. 1450)

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself (Olaudah Equiano, 1789)

An Appeal in Four Articles (David Walker, 1829)

The Confessions of Nat Turner (1831)

The Life Experience and Gospel Labors of the Rt. Rev. Richard Allen (1833)

Address at the African Masonic Hall (Maria Stewart, 1833)

An Address to Slaves of the United States of America (Henry Highland Garnet, 1843)

What to the Slave is the Fourth of July? (Frederick Douglass, 1852)

The Atlanta Declaration (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1854)

The Call of Providence to the Descendants of Africa in America (Edward Wilmot Blyden, 1862)

The Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Address to the First Annual Meeting of the Equal Rights Association (Sojourner Truth, 1867)

Thanksgiving Day Sermon: The Social Principle Among a People and Its Bearing on Their Progress and Development (Alexander Crummell, 1875)

Guerilla Warfare, A Bush Negro View (Johannes King, 1885)

A Voice from the South (Anna Julia Cooper, 1892)

The American Negro and His Fatherland (Henry McNeal Turner, 1895)

The Atlanta Exposition Address (Booker T. Washington, 1895)

Plessy v. Ferguson

God is a Negro (Bishop Henry M. Turner, 1898)

Of Our Spiritual Strivings (W. E. B. Du Bois, 1903)

The Talented Tenth (W. E. B. Du Bois, 1903)

The Niagara Movement: Declaration of Principles (1905)

Poems of the Harlem Renaissance (1919-1931)

Our Women Getting into the Larger Life (Amy Jacques Garvey, c. 1925)

Black Skin, White Masks (Frantz Fanon, excerpts, 1952)

We Shall Overcome (1960)

The African Presence (George Lamming, 1960)

I Have a Dream (Martin Luther King Jr., 1963)

Letter from Birmingham Jail (Martin Luther King Jr., 1963)

The Ballot or the Bullet (Malcolm X, 1964)

Life in Mississippi: An Interview with Fannie Lou Hamer (1965)

Platform and Program of the Black Panther Party (1966)

Toward Black Liberation (Stokely Carmichael, 1966)

Black Power

Its Relevance to the West Indies (Walter Rodney, 1968)

A Black Feminist Statement (The Combahee River Collective, 1977)

The Afrocentric Idea in Education (Molefi Kete Asante, 1991)

Statistics and Lists Contents

Top African-American Owned Businesses in the United States

African-American U.S. Economic Data

African-American U.S. Educational Statistics

African-American Award Winners in Entertainment

African-American Health Statistics

African-American Award Winners and Honorees

Pulitzer Prize, Nobel Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom, U.S. Postage Stamps

African-American U.S. Occupational Data

African-American Mayors in U.S. Cities, Representatives in U.S. Congress, and Heads of State in the Americas

African-American Population Data

African-American Membership in U.S. Religious Denominations

African-American Sports Statistics, Lists, and Award Winners

Text Acknowledgments

Index.